Experiments Verifying Ampere Longitudinal Forces via "Force Modulation" Methods - Digital Download

by Thomas E. Phipps, Jr.

This 11-page paper was published in Issue 63 (2005).

From the Abstract: "The existence of longitudinal forces between elements of electrical current was claimed by the earliest investigator, Ampere, but has been denied by modern relativistic theory. Until recently, experimental difficulties have prevented an empirical resolution of the issue. In the last decade, however, ways have been found to circumvent the difficulties, and a clear resolution has emerged in favor of Ampere. It thus appears that electrodynamic forces violate the 'universal covariance' of relativity."