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 Catalytic fusion cell of Dr. Les Case, pictured with catalyst in the hands of Dr. Eugene F. Mallove. |
 Test apparatus for sono-fusion phenomena investigation at NERL. |
 Cincinnati Group Transmutation Cell. |
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This Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) covers basic queries about New Energy science and developing technologies. The revolutionary New Energy field concerns spectacular new sources of energy that have achieved substantial validation in laboratories around the world, but which are not yet accepted by the scientific establishment. We welcome you to make your own judgment about what constitutes substantial validation and why the scientific establishment does not yet accept New Energy in its various forms, but please do perform your own examination of the important evidence that is gathered at this and other referenced New Energy websites and publications. Despite the great accomplishments of modern official science, we have concluded that its organizations and journals are significantly mired in obsolete science and technology paradigms that are holding back progress; we hope that you will come to appreciate this. (If, in fact, that is not your opinion already!) The existence of New Energy R&D around the world and its under-reporting and mis-characterization by the "mainstream" scientific media is evidence of a profound paradigm paralysis. If you are new to the New Energy
field, you may find the information here particularly helpful.
We will continue to review and modify this FAQ to include responses
to common questions from our visitors. If you have a question
and the answer isn't here, please ask us and we'll try to answer
you if the question brings up new thoughts not already addressed
in this FAQ. Please understand that we cannot respond to all
of our e-mail, due to limited staff time! For the most comprehensive
information on current research, published papers, patents, business
developments, outside media coverage, and government actions (and
inaction), we recommend subscribing
to Infinite Energy magazine. By subscribing— or purchasing
Infinite Energy magazine at one of many newsstands in the
United States and Canada, you will be helping to increase support
for this field. Infinite
Energy is published by the non-profit New Energy Foundation, which is based in Concord, New Hampshire. We hope that this FAQ will encourage you to subscribe to Infinite Energy and to contribute charitably (and tax-deductibly) to our efforts.
THE QUESTIONS... General Questions
Questions About Cold Fusion
Questions About Vacuum
Energy
THE ANSWERS... What is New Energy and what are its
major categories? 1. New hydrogen physics energy (a.k.a. "cold fusion," more generally Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions or LENR, "hydrino" physics, and other water-based energy sources)— energy release far beyond the normal chemical energy of hydrogen-oxygen combustion (up to millions of times beyond). 2. Vacuum energy (Zero Point Energy or "ZPE," Aether energy, or Space energy)— descriptions of vast energy sources from the vacuum state. 3. Environmental energy, i.e. energy from sensible
thermal energy (in particular, the energy of molecular motion),
through significant extensions to the Second Law of Thermodynamics—
the supposedly "impossible" extraction of energy from
a single temperature reservoir. New Hydrogen Physics Energy Evidence for LENR consists of substantial nuclear-magnitude
excess heat (more heat output than other energy input, and far beyond
ordinary chemical explanation) in electrochemical cells, gas-phase
cells, ultrasonically activated cells, solid state devices in hydrogen
gas, etc. There is also evidence of a surprising variety of nuclear
products: helium, where no such helium gas levels existed before
the experiments; tritium (a radioactive isotope of hydrogen); low
levels of neutrons; charged particle emissions; gamma rays; transmutation
of heavy metals to become other metals. (Yes, this sounds like "modern
alchemy" and it is!) Dr. Randell Mills, now of the BlackLight
Power Corporation in New Jersey (www.blacklightpower.com),
prior to the Fleischmann-Pons announcement pioneered a theory of
"Classical Quantum Mechanics" that allows hydrogen's electron
to drop below the conventionally understood ground-state level and
thus release energy, leaving what he calls "shrunken"
hydrogen or a "hydrino." Triggered by the Pons-Fleischmann
announcement, Mills developed a catalytic process-using other elements
in contact with the hydrogen-to release this energy. Mills and his
associates, who are pioneering a variety of emerging technologies
and new forms of matter ("hydrino hydrides"), do not agree
that the excess heat in "cold fusion" comes from nuclear
reactions. On the other hand, some cold fusion researchers report
the accurate correlation of helium product with excess heat in what
amount to essentially radiationless nuclear reactions. We are talking
about different albeit related experiments. Hydrogen in exotic environments
is the common theme, and there is common ground in many of these
"cold fusion" and "hydrino" experiments. We
believe that the diverse data will ultimately lead to a comprehensive
and unified physical understanding, which may even incorporate findings
from another form of New Energy research— "vacuum energy." Vacuum Energy However, the large field of claimed devices that appear to work as "perpetual motion machines," with no apparent fuel, not even hydrogen, is also the area of New Energy that is most fraught with uncertainties about which devices work and which ones do not. There is a range of quality from highly competent and scientifically credible work to incompetence in measurement; and, there are cases of probable outright fraud. The basic conceptual framework of vacuum energy is that the so-called "vacuum" of space is not really a vacuum at all, i.e. there is no such thing as "nothingness" or a true "void." What we normally think of as a vacuum (a space devoid of particles with mass) is actually pulsating with energy that can be exhibited in experiments and tapped in technological devices. The term most often associated with this energy is Zero Point Energy, or "ZPE" for short. This comes from standard quantum mechanics theory, which says that "quantum fluctuations" in a "space-time electromagnetic foam" of an extremely small granular size (far below the size of atoms) form a jiggling field of energy. An excellent research compendium on the Zero Point Energy viewpoint about vacuum energy is the book by Moray B. King , Quest for Zero-Point Energy: Engineering Principles for "Free Energy" (2001) [order from our catalog]. Another radically different perspective on vacuum energy has led, beginning in the mid-1980s, to prototype technological devices that generate electricity and motive power from the vacuum, devices which we have personally examined on-site. The theoretical model is not "ZPE," but rather a pervading massfree form of energy that can exhibit electrical properties, as well as anti-gravitational properties, and which can also convert to massbound (ordinary mass) forms under the proper circumstances. This line of investigation originated with the work of Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), the pioneer of our present electrical power generating grid of alternating current (and the recognized original inventor of radio), and with the controversial biomedical scientist Dr. Wilhelm Reich (1897-1957), who experimented in mid-20th Century with what he called "orgone" energy. It turns out that both Tesla and Reich had remarkably accurate things to say about a dynamic ether (or aether), the static "luminiferous ether" form of which was rejected by 20th Century physics as a carrier of light waves, following the ascendancy of Einstein's relativity theories. Unfortunately, because of major theoretical errors that have entered modern physics and pervade it, an energetic, dynamic ether with properties measurable in the laboratory was overlooked. The work of Dr. Paulo and Alexandra Correa of Canada (www.aetherometry.com and www.aethera.org) has built on and apparently has validated the stream of aether physics work that was begun by Tesla and Reich. Yet another researcher of some prominence in vacuum
energy is Tom Bearden, whose book, Energy from the Vacuum,
appeared in 2002 (www.cheniere.org).
He and his associates have developed and patented a so-called Motionless
Electromagnetic Generator (MEG), of whose testing validation we
are not yet sure. Still another researcher important to vacuum energy
is Kenneth Shoulders whose well-known, patented "high density charge cluster"
science and technology has impressed a host of investigators. Shoulders
has found ways to generate microscopic, dense, moving clusters of
millions of electrons, which conventional physics understanding
says should not be able to exist because of intense electrical repulsion. Environmental Energy What are the advantages of New Energy
over conventional renewable energy? Like conventional renewables, there will be
either zero or vanishingly small pollution associated with the use
of New Energy devices. In some of the New Hydrogen Physics Energy
devices, questions might arise concerning very low levels of radiation
emitted, the effects of escaped “hydrinos,” and transmutations of
metals within the devices. However, there is every reason to believe
that even these New Hydrogen Physics Energy devices, which alter
the structure of atoms within them, will be able to be designed
to be completely safe. Vacuum Energy devices and Environmental Energy
devices would have, by definition, zero pollution. The post-Hydrocarbon Fuel Age will be unrecognizable to people alive today. Central station power plants belching smoke and harmful gases will be a thing of the past: there will be no power grid. The grid will gradually wither and die during the transition to distributed New Energy devices, which could be as rapid and dramatic as the transition to the personal computer/Internet era that began in the mid-1970s. Pollution caused by hydrocarbon-fuel combustion will be a thing of the past. In a world of effectively free energy (no significant recurring costs for the energy), all the world’s populations will become richer. People will be able to be much more self-reliant, unchained from central controlling authorities that today rule energy use. (Governments will continue to try to tax and control the use of energy, but they will fail—as they have failed so far in trying to tax the Internet.) It will be possible to build self-contained dwellings and communities anywhere that construction materials can be brought in—in forests, atop mountains, on remote islands, on the surface of bodies of water, and even on ocean or lake floors! There will be no geographic localization of fuel resources (such as in the Middle East today), so the fight over oil will disappear as one underlying cause of conflict and war. Cheap desalination and water pumping will make deserts bloom. It will be extremely cheap to produce clean, potable water anywhere. Agriculture will profoundly change, as New Energy makes available anywhere: fertilizer, light, heat, cooling, and shelter from insect pests. Transportation disasters in which people are burned alive by hydrocarbon fuels will be an unimaginable nightmare of the past; no one will think of carrying such explosive substances on fast-moving vehicles! Through discoveries already made in the LENR field, it will be possible to remediate existing nuclear waste— reduce it to non-radioactive forms. And, shocking but almost certain to happen, it will be possible to produce rare elements cheaply through LENR reactions— yes, an age of “modern alchemy” will emerge. The inexorable increase in Earth’s population will come to an end as all peoples become richer and smarter. The new physics ratified by the New Energy devices—based on concrete, repeatable experimental results, not on the absurd fictions of present day archaic mainstream physics theories—will dramatically increase the ease of space travel in ways that are foreseeable today. Terrestrial civilization will spread into the Solar System and beyond. We will become a true spacefaring civilization, whose destiny will be the stars. Finally, new knowledge about biology and medicine, gleaned from the new insights on biophysical energies that can be shown experimentally to pervade space (the aether), may radically improve health. A revolution in medicine is already in the making in some of the now proved-as-effective complementary medicine. Complementary medicine, its modalities that do work, will gain a proper grounding in the physics and biology of nature that present physics does not address. These new views of life will alter human perceptions about our true nature and those other living beings with whom we share this planet. A Copernican-magnitude revolution in philosophical outlook is inevitable in the New Energy Age. [Back to Top] Will the present electric power-grid eventually disappear? Yes. Most certainly, it will wither and die. Gone will be unsightly overhead wires. Gone will be the expense associated with maintaining the grid—a large percentage of what we pay today for electricity. Gone will be power outages during storms. Gone will be accidental electrocutions of workers who maintain the grid. Gone will be the need to have residential or commercial properties sited near an electrical power grid pole or node. How difficult will it be to retrofit a home or business with New Energy technologies? It will be very easy. The wiring in the house or office that distributes electricity to lighting, outlets, and other devices, can remain in place. The New Energy electric power generator, which is expected to be not much bigger (and it may be even smaller) than a typical home furnace today, will be placed somewhere in the basement, outside, or in the living quarters of the residence or business. It will be attached to the electrical panel where electric power is admitted to the house today. New Energy heating devices will simply replace existing furnaces, if the present ones are oil, gas, wood, or coal-based, but the air, water, or steam lines that distribute heat within the house can remain in place. Cooling devices, such as air conditioners, will, like furnaces, simply be replaced—the cool air distribution will occur with the existing ductwork. Some items within the home may have their own built-in New Energy devices. For example, it may be that personal computers will come equipped with their own power sources that never need replacement during the lifetime of the product. [Back to Top] Won’t the advent of New Energy technologies terribly upset the world economy? The world economy will change dramatically with the advent of New Energy, as it has every time new technologies are introduced, such as the printing press, the steam engine, photography, distributed electricity, electric lighting, automobiles, airplanes, radio, television, nuclear energy, space travel, communications satellites, personal computers, the laser, and the Internet. However, because of the central role of energy in all areas of human activity—in the provision of heated and cooled shelter, lighting, food, clean water, transportation, and power for manufacturing—the New Energy revolution will have a much more dramatic impact on the world economy. It will be one of the most profound changes in human history— rather akin to the taming of fire. Initially, when the first high-profile, ready-for-production New Energy device is announced, there will likely be a very big shock to stock markets and prices of fuel. But the world will become much the better, after this initial upset has passed. Now that you know about this possibility, you can begin to think about preparing financially for the coming transition. [Back to Top] Will there still be a market for hydrocarbon fuels in the New Energy Age? In the New Energy Age, there will still be a market for hydrocarbon substances (oil, natural gas, even coal), at least for a time. These will be used in the chemical industries to make plastics and in many other industrial processes in which these substances have value as feedstocks. However, since the cost of generating energy will effectively drop to zero (once the capital costs of equipment are paid), it will be possible to use the carbon from the carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere, and the hydrogen from water, as basic ingredients to form hydrocarbon substances—this will become cheaper than transporting hydrocarbon substances across oceans, as an example. Are there now any New Energy devices on the market that generate electricity or produce heat and cooling? All New Energy devices—for generating electricity, heat, and cooling—are currently in the research and prototype development stage. You cannot buy one of these experimental devices—yet— from anyone. That could change at any time. When it does, the worldwide interest in prospective utilitarian New Energy technologies will ramp up considerably, since it will then be very clear to many scientists, technologists, and investors (who are now far too skeptical) that this science and technology is for real. The New Energy Foundation hopes to play a significant role in getting these prototype demonstration devices on market. [Back to Top] Are there experiments that can be performed by serious, technically inclined amateurs—technicians, engineers, scientists in other fields, and students—to demonstrate new energy? Yes, but these experiments must be done with care, patience, and understanding. • In the area of New Hydrogen Energy Physics, Dr. Edmund Storms (Los Alamos National Laboratory, retired), a pioneer experimenter in the cold fusion field, has published "How to Produce the Fleischmann-Pons Effect." • Dr. Randell L. Mills and S.P. Kneizys published a comprehensive pioneering paper in 1991, “Excess Heat Production by the Electrolysis of an Aqueous Potassium Carbonate Electrolyte and the Implications for Cold Fusion,“ Fusion Technology, Vol.20, August 1991, pp.65-81. This paper has explicit instructions for producing excess heat in experimental apparatus with a variety of sizes. Fusion Technology can be examined at many university engineering or science libraries. NASA scientists reproduced this work and reported their positive findings in NASA Technical Memorandum 107167, February 1996. This NASA publication was reprinted in Infinite Energy, #7,pp.62-69. These references are probably the best way to begin to explore excess heat phenomenon in ordinary water solutions. • In the area of Vacuum Energy, a huge body of experiments to measure the characteristics of the aether is provided by Dr. Paulo and Alexandra Correa on www.aetherometry.com. These experiments involve simple sheet metal boxes, called Faraday cages, accurate mercury thermometers, commercially available gold-leaf electroscopes, oscilloscopes, Tesla coils (also commercially available), and other rather simple laboratory equipment. The simplest experiment to carry out involves measuring the astounding thermal difference that can be detected between nearby air and the zone slightly above a Faraday cage surface in a darkened room. This experiment, with extensive controls, was described in detail by the Correas in “The Reproducible Thermal Anomaly of the Reich-Einstein Experiment Under Limit Conditions,” Infinite Energy, #37, pp.12-21. A guide to other aether-measurement experiments is to be found in Eugene Mallove’s review of the Correa work posted on their site, “The Correa Science and Technology: An Appreciation.” It designates which of their downloadable monographs have hands-on experiments that can be performed. [Back to Top] When will the “New Energy Age” begin? In some sense it has begun already, given the quickening pace of a diverse group of technologies that are under development. The New Energy Age will accelerate dramatically as soon as a pre-production prototype New Energy device emerges that is “anointed”—unequivocally declared to be real in the judgment of a major mainstream media outlet, such as Time, Newsweek, Business Week, a major daily newspaper, or a major television network. Sad to say, it will require such media recognition before society begins to move in a big way! In the meantime, the science and technology proceeds without widespread media acclaim— apart from the occasional favorable article, which still does not declare that the particular New Energy source has been established to be real with zero doubt. Wild times will ensue when a major publication does declare a New Energy device to be indisputably real. A media frenzy of almost unparalleled magnitude will then rock the global psyche. If the Fleischmann-Pons effect had been robust and easily reproducible—it was not—the New Energy Age would have gotten into full swing in 1989. If the U.S. Department of Energy report on cold fusion in 1989 had been balanced, not a reckless rush to an unethical, negative judgment—as it most certainly was—a widely recognized scientific revolution would have occurred in the early 1990s. The New Energy Age would by now be well under way. Citizens of the world can “thank” the U.S. Department of Energy’s ERAB (Energy Research Advisory Board) report for this travesty. [Back to Top] How is New Energy R&D being funded? Given the importance and reality of New Energy, a huge amount of investment money, by right, would now be flowing into the field. It is not. By and large, potential investors and government agencies are not convinced. Therefore, the general media have not been convinced about New Energy —and ignore it or ridicule it. Money talks! And when there is little or no money in something, the media do not talk about it. It is a vicious Catch-22: insufficient R&D funding to bring about the robust new Energy devices necessary to make a breakthrough with the general media, which coverage would, in turn, prompt the funding required to develop the robust devices. Despite this terrible, illogical circumstance, exceptionally good people and groups have, indeed, invested in New Energy already. Here are some of the higher profile cases, but this is not to be taken as a comprehensive list— the funding situation is in flux: • The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) put at least $6 million into cold fusion work, mostly at SRI International, until the mid-1990s. EPRI published a final report confirming the Fleischmann-Pons discovery. EPRI is the research arm of most of the U.S. electric utility industry. Dr. Michael McKubre’s group at SRI International has continued to work on cold fusion/LENR through selected grants from advanced military research groups and from Japanese and other sources. • The patented Patterson power cell technology in the LENR area received self-funding from Dr. James Patterson and several private investors, but Clean Energy Technologies, Inc. of Sarasota, Florida fell into hard times for reasons unrelated to the validity of the basic patented technology. (A significant buy-out offer, reportedly $15 million, was tendered by Motorola in the mid-1990s, but the offer was not accepted.) • The U.S. Navy funded several cold fusion efforts at a handful of federal laboratories since 1989. In 2002, the U.S. Navy published a positive report, encouraging new research to be funded. • Several investors funded ENECO of Salt Lake City, for its LENR work, which has now been put on hold. That company has now moved into the area of patented advanced thermal energy conversion systems. • Dr. Mitchell R. Swartz, of Jet Technology in Massachusetts, has primarily self-funded his own cold fusion/LENR work — as well as a monumental effort to overcome patenting obstacles at the USPTO. • Dr. Les Case, of Fusion Power, Inc. in New Hampshire, has pioneered and self-funded one of the most impressive forms of LENR reactions, gas phase “catalytic fusion,” a process which has been confirmed at SRI International. • Privately-held BlackLight Power Corporation, of Cranbury, New Jersey, has received by far the largest investment influx from several power companies and many private investors— an estimated $10 to $30 million. There continue to be reports of an impending IPO. • Since 1987, Dr. Paulo and Alexandra Correa have expended some $1.2 million of their own funding into developing their patented Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge (PAGDTM) reactor technologies, which generate electrical power and drive special types of spinner electric motors. • China, France, India, Italy, Japan, and Russia each have their own way of funding New Energy research in the LENR area. Italy at present seems to have the most actively funded program. Several Italian corporations pursue active R&D programs. Similar corporate funding exists in Japan (e.g. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Advanced Technologies Center), and university professors in Japan continue to pioneer in cold fusion research. A large, mis-managed research effort was launched by Japan’s MITI government agency, the so-called “New Hydrogen Energy” (NHE) program. It was abandoned in the mid-1990s after an estimated $30 million expenditure. Though many scientists in that program continue their research, the ending of the official funding has been used in anti-cold fusion attacks. • Dr. Daniel Cavicchio and Dr. Eugene Mallove helped launch the New Energy Partners, LLC investment fund for New Energy, which did manage to raise funding for several of the struggling cold fusion companies. This NEP initiative is currently in a holding pattern. • Various philanthropic individuals, such as former heads of a few U.S. corporations, supported and in some cases continue to support Cold Fusion and other New Energy projects. Other individuals with high technology backgrounds have selectively invested in New Energy technologies, quietly and privately. • The non-profit (501c3) corporation, New Energy Foundation, was founded by Dr. Eugene Mallove and colleagues in New Hampshire in late 2002. It is intended to help fund New Energy R&D worldwide through select grants to New Energy scientists and companies. New Energy Foundation will also help support publication efforts (such as Infinite Energy magazine) and books, New Energy conferences (such as the 10th International Conference on Cold Fusion, ICCF10— Cambridge, MA, August 24-29, 2003), and other pro-active New Energy efforts. (www.infinite-energy.com). [Back to Top] What is the best way to invest in New Energy technologies? As with any other investment, first and foremost one must be properly informed. The resources of this website and links to other sites are an important good beginning. A subscription to Infinite Energy, with its careful following of New Energy R&D work, and sudden claims and counter-claims for this and that “device,” would be extremely useful (and could help avoid a mistaken investment!). The New Energy Foundation and its New Energy Research Laboratory (NERL) stand ready to assist potential investors in determining whether a particular opportunity brought to the prospective investor’s attention by third parties has validity and other merit— not always an easy matter to determine, as we have found. If I am a student planning to be in science or engineering and would like to work in the New Energy field, what courses should I take and in what fields would it be best to major? It would be most useful for you to major in any of the basic sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, materials science) or in electrical, mechanical, or aerospace engineering. As you take your courses, be aware that your professors will, for the most part, not take kindly to questions and comments that suggest that there may be major cracks in the foundations of knowledge that they are dispensing. Learn from this! You will be observing a paradigm shift in progress. Watch what happens when you confront your professors with technical papers and news reports about New Energy. You may be amazed at their responses. There is room for all kinds of people in the New Energy field—business people, environmentalists, architects—not only scientists and technologists. If you are not yet in college, why not consider doing a school report about some aspect of New Energy? Writing skills will be needed aplenty. There will be much to write about as a new world of possibilities opens up for humankind. The field especially needs good science journalists— those who do not follow the pack-mentality that is so prevalent. [Back to Top] Who is opposing New Energy science and technology? Only fools and small-minded people would oppose research on something so wonderful—even if there were only a 10% chance that it was correct (and the true percentage is far higher —100%, in our opinion). Sad to say, there are plenty of fools arrayed against New Energy. Most of them are in academia and in government agencies charged with managing scientific research—though there are outstanding exceptions. To paraphrase and turn the tables on the enemies of New Energy in their attacks against frontier researchers, “This shows that a Ph.D. is no guarantee against foolishness.” There are plenty of science Ph.D.s and even Nobel laureates who have obscenely attacked cold fusion, vacuum energy, hydrino physics, and investigations into loopholes in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Their credentials are worthless. What they have to say on the subject of New Energy usually amounts to no more than uninformed bigotry. These people apparently believe that science has come to an end—that the broad outlines of physics and biology, as described in current texts, are on absolutely secure grounds. One of the greatest buffoons in the sad array of enemies is Robert Park of the American Physical Society and the University of Maryland, whose “What’s New” electronic column gives weekly cues to an army of incompetent “science journalists,” who then misinform other journalists, the establishment’s so-called “scientists,” and cowering government bureaucrats and politicians. Many people assume that it must be the “oil companies” who are blocking New Energy research. Not so! In our view, these large companies are fundamentally too stupid to understand what is about to hit them. Their executives all have “golden parachutes” anyway, so they do not really fear that a complete collapse of the hydrocarbon economy will hurt them individually. Moreover, a handful of people from existing energy companies have, in fact, already shown that they are prepared to jump ship and get involved in New Energy. [Back to Top] Who is ignoring New Energy science and technology? For almost 14 years now—the time since the Fleischmann-Pons announcement— we have observed a very strange phenomenon. Those who one might expect would have the greatest interest in and enthusiasm for New Energy, show no interest in it at all — in fact provably (it has been brought to their attention) they deliberately ignore it. These are the establishments of activist environmental groups! In toto, these groups raise hundreds of millions of dollars a year in contributions for their environmental causes, and they do do much good work. However, apparently they are very threatened by the possibility that their leadership in protecting the environment will be upstaged by a radically different solution for environmental ills, which they know little if anything about and which they have not championed. Also holding them back, there is a strong anti-technology sentiment among these groups—quite a Luddite streak. Real technological solutions are not their cup of tea. So they proclaim that the solution to the world’s ills is, amazingly — hydrogen! Only when they talk about hydrogen they insist that solar power and wind power will be required to generate this hydrogen from water— never is there the merest mention of the possibility of cold fusion or other New Hydrogen Physics Energy solutions, which they most certainly have heard about. It might be argued that these environmentalists
have just absorbed the physics establishment’s verdict on New Energy,
but we think that is not a credible hypothesis. They are so anti-establishment
to begin with, the problem lies somewhere else: their arrogant need
be in charge so that they can continue to play to the political
and financial parties that support them. It may be that some of
these groups will have a change of heart and will some day do what
they should have been doing for over a decade— support New Energy,
or talk about it at least as one possibility! But we are not holding
our breath. When cold fusion was announced on March 23, 1989, within
days or weeks— before there was any way to know one way or the other
whether the cold fusion claims would hold up— we had these prominent
environmental figures say these absurd things about cold fusion
(again, this was in 1989): Jeremy Rifkin, “The fusion findings
are the worst news that ever happened. Right when we are beginning
to develop a global awareness of the problems of global society,
here come some scientists saying we don’t have to deal with these
problems.” Amory Lovins, “Most of the costs of fusion will be in
the stuff you wrap around it to get electricity, from the turbine,
to the plant site, to the health physicists and other clean up services
you need, all of which will make it at least as expensive as fission.
The right place for a fusion reactor is where we have one—in the
Sun, 93 million miles away.” Today these propagandists promote the
environmentalists “hydrogen economy”— while failing to mention that
there may be or are energy sources far more appropriate
to solving the world’s environmental ills. In truth, these activists
do not really want to solve these problems. They want to
be in the public eye talking about them and collecting money for
them. They crave — and they get— the adoration of the mainstream
press.
Answers to Questions About Cold Fusion (Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS); Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR); "Hydrino" Energy; New Hydrogen Energy, etc.) So as not to unnecessarily repeat ourselves, please realize that many questions about cold fusion are answered in Dr. Eugene Mallove’s 8,500-word Memorandum to the White House (“The Strange Birth of the Water Fuel Age”); this memorandum was requested by the Clinton Administration in early 2000, thanks to the prompting of our supporter, the late Sir Arthur C. Clarke; it was later sent to the Bush Administration as well. Unfortunately, nothing has been done about it. The abdication of scientific and environmental responsibility by Federal officials in the matter of cold fusion is appalling and unconscionable. The Memorandum asked for no Federal funding for research in this area. It simply asked for one thing: “Mr. President, you need do only one thing now: Publicly state that you are going to investigate this matter and then do it.” Even this very simple action has not been taken. What is “cold fusion”? Two years later, through a program initiated by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), a detailed study began which involved the Naval Space Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SPAWAR), the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (China Lake, CA) and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, DC). This study attempted to replicate the initial cold fusion claims and related effects and understand their origin. This work, carried out between 1991 and 2001, demonstrated that the effects are reproducible, that a correlation exists between the dominant heat source (referred to as excess heat, discussed below), and the apparent creation of a potential nuclear product—ordinary (garden variety) helium (i.e., helium-4, which has two neutrons, two protons, and two electrons)—that can be produced in conventional fusion but is not usually observed. Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) are more generically applied to the host of reactions that occur within and/or on the surface of certain metals when in contact with forms of hydrogen (usually heavy hydrogen—also called deuterium—which has a nucleus consisting of a proton and neutron, as opposed to regular hydrogen which has a proton only nucleus), including hydrogen gas (usually involving heavy hydrogen), or water (usually heavy water) which of course contains hydrogen—and when triggered under special conditions. LENR produce excess heat (much more heat out than can be accounted for by ordinary chemical reactions), helium, sometimes tritium (a radioactive isotope of hydrogen), low levels of neutrons, charged particles, gamma rays, and even transmutations in heavy metals in the LENR devices. In some experiments parts of the host metal have been significantly transmuted into other elements—it is as though “alchemy” has risen from the grave of scientific history! From our perspective in examining the overwhelming evidence for low-energy transmutation of elements in “cold fusion” reactions, it most certainly has! LENR reactions have been seen with palladium, titanium, nickel, platinum, gold, other metals, and with some ceramic materials. [Back to Top]What sources of information can I access
about cold fusion? Primary websites that focus specifically on cold fusion/LENR should be consulted: See other important websites on our Links page. The website of BlackLight Power Corporation (www.blacklightpower.com) does not like to advertise that the company’s highly reproducible New Energy generating processes from hydrogen bear a strong connection to cold fusion/LENR phenomena. But any serious investigation of cold fusion/LENR should not overlook this remarkable work. Some books accessible to the general reader which give appropriate discussion of the history and science of cold fusion are: Fire from Ice: Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold Fusion Furor by Dr. Eugene F. Mallove (1991, John Wiley and Sons) Excess Heat: Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed by Charles Beaudette (2000, Oak Grove Press) The Rebirth of Cold Fusion: Real Science, Real Hope, Real Energy by Steven B. Krivit and Nadine Winocur (2004, Pacific Oaks Press) Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Comprehensive Compilation of Evidence and Explanations About Cold Fusion by Edmund Storms (2007, World Scientific) Many of the papers presented at recent conferences and published in journals are now archived at http://lenr-canr.org. A number of books giving negatively biased views were published early on, of course ignoring almost all of the experimental evidence: Too Hot to Handle (Frank Close, 1991); Cold Fusion: The Scientific Fiasco of the Century (John Huizenga, 1992); Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion (Gary Taubes, 1993). An excellent video documentary, “Cold Fusion: Fire from Water,” was produced in 1999 (70 minutes, VHS or DVD). What is excess heat? Is cold fusion chemical, nuclear, or something
else? Cold fusion does produce nuclear ash: garden variety helium, a low level of neutrons, and in some cases tritium (an unstable hydrogen isotope that has a nucleus that possesses one proton and two neutrons), other low-level radiations, and transmutations in the host metal. It produces trillions of times fewer neutrons than plasma fusion or conventional nuclear fission, and most scientists believe that nothing resembling hot plasma fusion can take place in or on a metal lattice. So if cold fusion is a nuclear fusion or fission reaction (or perhaps it embodies aspects of both fission and fusion), it must be very different than any previously known nuclear reaction. It has not been demonstrated conclusively that the helium, tritium, and other nuclear ash from all LENR reactions is sufficient to account for all of the heat generated. However, in an extremely careful study performed by researchers from SRI (Menlo Park, CA), it was demonstrated that the amounts of helium-4 that were required to account for the excess heat, in at least one experiment, could be recovered systematically within a level of error (less than 3% or 0.05 million electron volts) that not only was well within experimental bounds associated with the measurement process but through a procedure in which, with time, helium was recovered from the host material after the experiment in a time-dependent fashion, in such a way that with time the accuracy of the correlation improved. More qualitatively, not only in this experiment (where the recovery process was significantly improved) but in some additional LENR experiments, excellent correlation has been measured—e.g. just as much helium is produced for the excess heat measured as would be expected in the equivalent hot fusion reaction that yields not heat but deadly gamma rays. If LENR is not strictly a nuclear process, then perhaps this is a new source of energy never before observed, which occasionally produces nuclear reactions as side effects. Some theorists who have examined LENR phenomena have this viewpoint, though the “mainstream cold fusion” view is that LENR reactions are all strictly nuclear-based, just not yet fully understood. Beginning in 2006, the group from SPAWAR began to observe higher energy helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) on a regular basis, through a well-defined triggering process. Although the individual events (which they routinely record from high energy particle tracks that appear at the surface of plastic films—referred to as CR39 films) occur at a relatively low rate, as a function of time, the composite images created in these experiments provide compelling evidence that reactions involving nuclear processes are taking place. After the initial experiments were conducted, groups from four other laboratories performed precise replications of the same experiment. Subsequently, evidence of neutron and gamma ray emission in the same kinds of experiments was also observed. Although the emissions associated with these experiments were all at low levels, the fact that they occur is very important for convincing mainstream physicists that the effects involve nuclear processes because: 1) The effects involve the creation of high energy particles in situations that cannot be explained using ordinary nuclear physics; 2) The effects are highly reproducible and involve well-known procedures that are familiar to nuclear physicists. If cold fusion cells are at least in part
nuclear, why aren’t they extremely hot? What is the difference between power and
energy? What are watts, joules, kilowatt-hours, and BTUs? In U.S. industry, thermal energy is sometimes measured in BTUs (British Thermal Units). A BTU is the energy it takes to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. One BTU equals 1,055 joules. One horsepower equals 746 watts. Why doesn't cold fusion produce dangerous
ionizing radiation and neutrons? In any case, it is a good thing that LENR does not produce dangerous ionizing radiation because if it did, LENR cells would require elaborate shielding and LENR would be difficult, expensive, and dangerous to commercialize. From a scientific perspective, the lack of radiation and neutrons is puzzling, but from the point of view of business, commercialization, and the environment, this is a priceless advantage. This is not to say that there are not nuclear hazards associated with LENR reactions! There are nuclear reactions occurring where they have previously not been observed; thus it is possible to imagine LENR research leading to new kinds of reactions that could be employed in weapons—perhaps small, “clean” versions of previously implemented conventional nuclear weapons. But so far, there does not appear to be a simple route to this deadly application. No LENR reaction being discussed openly seems to have even a tiny hint of a “runaway” characteristic that could release large quantities of energy in a short time—the requirement to make a bomb. Hot fusion is the kind of nuclear reaction that powers the Sun and the stars—it is also the reaction used in thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs). At temperatures of tens to hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius (or Kelvin), the nuclei of hydrogen atoms can get close enough together, frequently enough, such that the nuclear force between some of the close-approaching nuclei has a chance to overcome the natural tendency of the positively charged nuclei to repel one another. The nuclei then join or fuse to form helium nuclei. This releases enormous energy. Fusion of light elements to form heavier elements (e.g. hydrogen fusing to helium) is the opposite of fission, which is the release of energy by splitting heavy uranium or plutonium nuclei. [Back to Top] What is the present status of controlled “hot” fusion? The U.S. hot fusion scientists, and their colleagues in other countries, continue to want to build a gigantic, complex test reactor called ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), which might begin to operate in another decade. A commercial hot fusion power plant would not be on-line until at least 2040. The annual budget for hot fusion research in the U.S. regularly exceeds $500 million, and the program now seeks increased funding, which Congress previously killed, for ITER and other large-scale experiments. How does cold fusion differ from hot fusion? Cold fusion, in contrast to hot fusion, occurs in a relatively simple apparatus. Cold fusion/LENR reactions are not at all like conventional hot fusion reactions. If they were, cold fusion experimenters would be killed by massive flows of radiation—neutrons and gamma rays. Are there theories that can explain cold
fusion? Is there a future for cold fusion? Unfortunately, cold fusion has been widely attacked, belittled, and ignored in the U.S. and most of Europe, except Italy. Funding for research in the U.S. is very scarce. A few privately funded U.S. scientists are working on it, and “underground” research continues at many laboratories. Fortunately, cold fusion research is not Big Science. It does not need massive installations, just relatively small-scale, dedicated work. Cold fusion energy development will dominantly be the territory for private industry. There is no need for massive government investment. Probably the most difficult hurdle in trying to come to terms with cold fusion is that it seems too fantastic, “too good to be true” economically and socially, and too unexpected scientifically. But the same was said about many other scientific revolutions, like anesthetics, electric lighting, airplanes, antibiotics, space flight, and nuclear fission. Cold fusion and allied discoveries will probably revolutionize the world in ways we can barely begin to imagine. People who think that such revolutionary changes cannot happen have forgotten the lessons of history. We should remember the sentiments of Michael Faraday, to whom we owe our revolutionary electrically powered civilization. He wrote: “Nothing is too wonderful to be true.”
Are there technologies other than cold fusion/LENR that could release energy from water? Yes. Many of these are covered in back issues of Infinite Energy, but let us categorize the prominent ones here (not an exhaustive list):
Answers to Questions on Vacuum Energy What is “vacuum energy”?The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) taught that a vacuum could not exist in nature. This led for centuries to the often repeated, incorrect phrase, “Nature abhors a vacuum.” This mis-information persisted for two millennia, until the German physicist Otto von Guericke (1682-1686) showed with a dramatic experiment in 1657 that a vacuum—a space devoid of air—could actually be made by pumping the air out. But the question remained, “What, if anything, ‘fills’ that region of no air once it is formed?” Is it a zone of “nothing”? Physicists dealing with basic questions, such as “What is heat?”; “What is light?”; and “What is combustion?”, invented various invisible, massless “fluids” that could be infiltrating matter and the space between hypothetical atoms—and which could also be present in the presumed airless space among planets and stars. In fact, all physicists toward the end of the 19th century were convinced that an invisible ether (alternate spelling, aether) was some kind of a stiff, static, pervading medium that allowed waves of light and other “electromagnetic” waves to vibrate through it. But this aether, they believed, had to have the property of not offering resistance to the motion of celestial bodies—otherwise these would gradually change their orbits from the medium’s presence as an energy-draining obstruction. Early in the 20th century, the aether question became sidetracked by the theory of Special Relativity (1905) promoted by Albert Einstein, which came into prominence under peculiar circumstances around 1919. Relativity supposedly dispensed with the need for an aether in which electromagnetic waves would vibrate. (See Infinite Energy, Issues #38 and #39, special “Einstein Reconsidered” issues). Since the ascendancy of Einstein’s relativity theory, the idea of an aether with properties that would allow such “transverse vibrations” has seemed superfluous, so the ether was totally abandoned as an archaic, wrong concept by the physics establishment. The space vacuum is said to be mathematically described as a four-dimensional “space-time” plenum, i.e. there is no space per se and no time per se individually, only “space-time.” As with the premature dismissal of “cold fusion” in 1989, this proved to be a disastrous mistake by the scientific establishment—though it most certainly does not acknowledge that fact— not yet. At the same time, the scientific establishment — and many of those who oppose its rejection of “free energy” claims for this or that device— has come up with a new host of properties of the vacuum. In the theory of quantum mechanics, the vacuum is said to pulsate with a kind of “electromagnetic foam” at a scale far below the size of atoms — this is called “zero point energy” or “ZPE.” Some of those who suggest that there have been and are today various “free energy” devices that look like they are running on “no fuel,” suggest that the ZPE is being tapped for energy. Encouraging this view are some prominent mainstream physicists’ assertions that the energy density of this ZPE is huge, on the order of 1094 grams per cubic centimeter of vacuum! (Strangely, the mainstream almost never suggests that this energy might be tapped technologically— it’s just fun for the textbooks.) Simultaneously, modern cosmologists who accept Einstein’s relativity theories (virtually all of them) have invented all manner of concepts to explain puzzling observations about the vacuum of the universe. They say that filling the universe is invisible “dark matter,” “dark energy,” and “quintessence”— and they cite supposed evidence for this from astronomical observations. They have concocted all manner of mathematical vibrating “string theories” to explain all of creation— all of particles, all of everything. In fact, they talk about a “Theory of Everything” being nearly complete—“just around the corner.” However, this appears to be a cosmic joke on modern physicists, much as perfect circle “epicycles” to describe planetary motions were a joke on astronomers who worked before the 17th century. These Theory-of-Everything physicists have apparently not learned the most basic foundation of “Science 101”: Experiments are paramount! Experiments contradicting the most elegant and seemingly correct theory must be taken very, very seriously. Theories must be thrown out and modified if experimental evidence contradicts the accepted theory. This is not happening in modern physics. It turns out, that aside from the ZPE theories, which would seem to allow the extraction of energy from the vacuum— even by the mainstream physicists’ own quantum mechanical theory, there are straightforward measurements that can be performed in laboratories that appear to show incontrovertible evidence of a host of other aether properties that have all along been right under our very noses. The measurements have been ignored, of course, as is the case when paradigm paralysis dominates. Please consult the references cited below, and learn about this astonishing turn of events. [Back to Top] What sources of information can I access
that deal with vacuum energy? [Back to Top] Who were some of the historical scientists
and inventors who have dealt with vacuum energy? A) Deceased: Robert Adams, Paul M. Brown, Edwin V. Gray, Howard Johnson, T. Henry Moray, Wilhelm Reich, Floyd Sweet, Nikola Tesla. B) Present: Tom Bearden, John Bedini, Paulo and Alexandra Correa, William Hyde, Kenneth Shoulders, Paramahamsa Tewari. [Back to Top] What experimental devices exist today that embody vacuum energy? The two most prominent claimed technologies in vacuum energy today, and their presently achieved U.S. patents, are: • Motionless Electromagnetic Generator (MEG) of Tom Bearden and his associates — 6,362,718 “Motionless Electromagnetic Generator” (3/26/02) • Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharge Reactor (PAGDTM) of Dr. Paulo and Alexandra Correa — 5,416,391 “Electrochemical Transduction of Plasma Pulses” (5/16/95) — 5,449,989 “Energy Conversion System” (5/12/95) — 5,502,354 “Direct Current Energized Pulsed Generator Utilizing Autogenous Cyclical Pulsed Abnormal Glow Discharges” (3/26/96) [Back to Top] Is there a connection between technologically-derived vacuum energy and “Chi,” “Qi,” “Prana,” and other claims of “biophysical energies” or “subtle energies”? Yes, this is one of the most remarkable emerging conclusions that can be taken from the new energy field. In our view, a compelling case is building up that those technological devices that actually do tap vacuum energy, are also tapping a source of energy that is part and parcel of the functioning of all life. For centuries, various types of what are now in the West called “complementary medicine”—therapeutic healers, acupuncturists, Reiki therapists, and the like—have been used in Oriental cultures. This has now spread to the West and there are big battles being fought over these complementary medicine therapies. A large and growing percentage of patients now using Western medicine also employ Eastern practices. These multi-mode medicine users are, by and large from the assessments of some studies, expressing great satisfaction. These therapies (other than acknowledged “placebo effect” aspects) would seem to have no basis for their functioning, if biological systems such as the human body were exclusively biochemical and neurological systems with no interspersed and surrounding biophysically active medium—aether, “orgone,” etc. However, the line of work begun in the 20th Century by Wilhelm Reich and others in the West is converging to provide physics-based explanations of the “aetheric body” model of living organisms that is operating in conjunction with conventionally understood biochemical processes. See, in particular, the scientific monograph, “Fundamental Measurement of Biological Energies-I,” downloadable from www.aetherometry.com, monograph AS2-28. There appears to be much more to the electrical and energy properties of organisms than can be accounted for by the limited models of mainstream physics. [Back to Top] Is there any mainstream research that substantiates “biophysical energy”? There are significant controlled studies that substantiate the effectiveness of complementary medicine modalities, such as acupuncture. However, we are increasingly seeing Western medicine’s technological imaging and sensing devices being applied to prove that bodily effects without conventional biological explanation are occurring. To cite one of the best examples we have encountered, please read: “Evaluation of Acupuncture Using fMRI and Ultrasonic Imaging,” by Chang Sok So (Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology), Joie P, Jones & David D. Kidney (Department of Radiological Sciences), University of California at Irvine; Takuso Saito, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Proc. of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol.95, 1998, pp.2670-2673. In this study, it is conclusively shown with scientifically blinded examination using ultrasonic and other stimulation of an acupuncture point in the foot of a subject (many subjects were used): 1. The acupuncture point on the foot, known by acupuncturists to help vision when stimulated, resulted in nearly instantaneous production of activation in the visual cortex of the brain of the subject —a completely reproducible effect that could be toggled off and on; 2. The acupuncture point was found to be highly localized (within a fraction of a millimeter); and 3. The speed of transmission of the information from the foot acupuncture point to the visual cortex of the brain, as measured by fMRI, was at least 1,000 times any known nerve transmission speed! Dr. Joie P. Jones explained, at a public lecture in June 2001 (Society for Scientific exploration Meeting, LaJolla, CA), that because the functional MRI (fMRI) minimum time localization of measurement is about 80-microseconds, the actual transmission speed to the brain might be faster than even this astounding 1,000-fold figure. A footnote, which illuminates the sad state
of mainstream science today: The group’s technical paper, which
is obviously of overarching importance, was submitted to Nature magazine, which rejected it without review— according to Dr. Joie
Jones. Subsequently, five sympathetic Nobel laureates in the biological
sciences, who were impressed with the paper, urged Nature to reconsider its decision. It did not. Therefore, the paper had
to be published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, which does not censor the work of its participants.
Thus, a fundamental finding about the human body’s functioning,
and the medical effectiveness of a disparaged technique— acupuncture—
has been submerged, at least for now.
Answers to Questions on Environmental Energy What
is “Environmental Energy”? [Back to Top] What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? There are many ways of stating the Second Law of Thermodynamics—there are many textbook definitions associated with different scientists. But its essential conclusion is that a heat engine (an engine that uses heat and operates in a cycle) cannot convert 100% of the heat produced within it (from, say, fuel combustion) to an equivalent amount of useful work. Nature has supposedly saddled us with an efficiency limitation that cannot be broken. What is Carnot efficiency? Carnot efficiency is a term that describes the maximum efficiency that can be reached by a heat engine in converting heat to work. The Carnot efficiency has a simple formula that has been around since the early part of the 19th Century, when young French engineer Sadi Carnot proposed it based on his study of steam engines. (Strangely enough, he put forth his formula when the very nature of heat as molecular motion was still being debated!) The formula is: Efficiency = (Temperaturehigh – Temperaturelow)/Temperaturehigh. Here, the temperatures must be given in the absolute temperature scale — Kelvin degrees, which begins at “absolute zero,” which is some -273°C below 0 °C (the freezing point of water). So, at a typical ambient temperature of 20 °C (approximately 293 K), the Carnot efficiency of an engine operating between that temperature and 273 K (0°C) is (293-273)/293 = 6.8%. For a much more elevated temperature process with a high temperature of say 1,000°C, dumping its waste heat to a 20°C environment, the Carnot efficiency is 77%. Note well, that as the temperature of the high and low temperature reservoirs approach each other, the efficiency goes down and becomes 0% when Thigh= Tlow. This is another way of saying that if Carnot efficiency is indeed the upper limit for the efficiency of a heat engine, an engine cannot be made to extract work out of a single temperature reservoir — such an engine would have “zero efficiency.” [Back to Top] What sources of information can I access that deal with “environmental energy”? You can read any standard thermodynamics textbook, and it will spell out quite clearly why you cannot use environmental energy from a single temperature reservoir. Carnot efficiency will be used to “prove” the Second Law and the Second Law will be used to establish Carnot as the upper limit to efficiency— perfect circular logic! But you can also read the work of those who challenge the Second Law. There is a growing body of such technical literature. Here is a sampling: • Some of this research has been reviewed and discussed at length in articles in Infinite Energy (Issues #29, #37, and #43). • A recent landmark paper by physicists and a mathematician at the University of San Diego (Sheehan et al., “A Solid-State Maxwell Demon,” Foundations of Physics, 32, 10, 1557-1595, October 2002, MaxwellDemonOct2002.pdf) seems to offer nearly conclusive proof that devices that do create work from a single temperature reservoir can be built. The paper proposes a laboratory-testable, solid-state device that uses the electric field energy of an open-gap p-n junction semiconductor device to drive a solid-state mechanical piston. [See also: Daniel P. Sheehan, "Four Paradoxes Involving the Second Law of Thermodynamics," Journal of Scientific Exploration, 12, 2, 1998, 303-314, http://www.padrak.com/ine/SHEEHAN.html ; Vladislaw Capek and Daniel P. Sheehan, Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Springer, 2005 ; Wayne Proell, The Thermodynamic Theory and Engineering Design of Supercarnot Heat Engines, Cloud Hill Press, 1984 ; Wayne Proell, The Thermodynamic Exploration for High Efficiency Internal Combustion Engines, Cloud Hill Press, 1993 ; Wayne Proell, The Thermodynamic Exploration for Solid State Heat Engines, Cloud Hill Press, 1999] The evidence against the Second Law comes in three forms:
What is a “Maxwell Demon”? What is a “Perpetual Motion Machine
of the Second Kind”?
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